3. HAPPINESS EXPRESSION

Definition
Happiness expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What would you say to express your happiness ?

• I'm happy
• Fantastic !
• I'm so glad to hear that
  
• I can't show how pleased/ delighted Iam about it
• Great !
• Wonderfull !
• Terrific !
• I'm (very) pleased /(really) delighted (about)...

Example dioalogs about happiness expression :
Mother : Ella, why you don't eat now ? I've cooked your favourite food, chicken curry.
Ella : Oh..have you ? Great mom !Thank you. I haven't eaten it for a long time.

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4. GAINING ATTENTION

Definition
Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want to.

How to gaining attention ?

• Attention, please !
• Excuse me
• Look here
• Listen to me, please
• Waiter ?
• Wow, really ?
• I'm listening

How to showing attention ?

• Look at you !
• How beautifull !
• What's the matter ?
• Is everything, all right ?
• Oh really ? Is it true ?
• Oh my god ! What happens ?
• Wow..really ?That's incredibble !

The axample about gaining attention :
Teacher : Attention please ! Next week we will have a test ! So, you must study to get a good score !
Students : OK, sir !

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5. SYMPATY EXPRESSION

Definition
Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern of carefullness on other people's condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone ?
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS) , e-mail, television, radio and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us.

Showing sympathy

• I'm sorryfor what's happened
• Oh you, poor little thing
• Look ! This not the end of the world
• (oh, dear) I am sorry (to hear that)
• That's a pity/shame
• You must be very upset
• Oh, no!
• I know how it feels !

The example about sympathy expression :

Kissa : Sherly, are you okay ?
Sherly : Oh, no Kissa ! Now, I don't have father !Why must my father ?
Kissa : Oh. .I'm sorry to hear that. But, this not the end of the world. You must be strong!
Sherly : Thank you, Kissa. You are my best friend!

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6. GIVING INTRUCTION

Definition
Giving intruction is an expression taht is used in other person does what we instruct or request

Notes : The tense used in giving intruction is "Simple Present Tense"

1) We used verbs as commanding word in the form of infinitive without to (V1)
Example

• sit down !
• cover your food !
• eat your meal !
• wash your hand !
• sweep the floor !
• clean the room !

2) We use the word dont + V1
Example

• don't climb
• don't let them in
• don't do it
• don't be a fool
• don't be a bad boy
• don't touch me

3) We use be + adjective, or noun, or adverb
Example

• be carefull !
• be happy !
• be a good student : noun
• be yourself
• be there
• be on time

4) We use the word "please" at the beginning/at the end of an intruction to make it sounds more polite.
Example

• sit down, please
• please don't do that
  

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7. ANNOUNCEMENT

Definition
Announcement is something said, written or printed to make know that has happened or (more often) what will happen.

- In writing announcements, keep the following points:

• The title/type of event
• Date, time, place and
• Contact person

- We can find the announcement in television, radio, newspaper, wall magazine in school, etc..

- Characteristic or announcements:

• Use simple present tense or future tense often enticement

- The example of announcement

Comitte School Trip To Golden Sands Beach

On 28 of august, there will be a school trip to dolden sands beach.
Depature time : 07.30 a.m
Programs : swimming, games, volleyball and lunch in the sea view restaurant.
Afternoon : walk along the beach to the lagoon and watch the boat festival.
Fee : Rp. 50, 000.00
Contact person : Chika, Steve
Chair Person


Pamela

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8. RECOUNT TEXT

Definition
Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing of entertaining.

The generic structure of recount text are :

• Orientation (it gives the reader the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)
• Events (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)
  
• Re-orientation (restates the writer's opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incedent)

The significant lexicogrammatical features :

• Use of simple past tense
• Use of temporal conjunction (when, after, before, next, later, then)
• Use of personal pronouns (I,we) and nouns
• Use of adverbs (place, manner, time)

The example of recount text :

A Tour to The Botanic Garden

On Thursday 24 April, Year Eight students went to the Botanic Gardens. We walked down and got into the bus.

After we arrived at the gardens, we walked down to the Education Centre. We went to have a look around. First we went to the Orchid Farm and Mrs. Rita read us some of the information. Then we looked at all the lovely plants. After that we went down to a little spot in the Botanic Gardens and had morning tea.Next we took some pictures and then we went back to the Education Centre to have lunch. After that we went for a walk.

A lady took us around and introduced herself, then she explained what we were going to do. Next she took us in to the green house. It was most interesting.After we had finished we went back outside. Finally we got into the bus and returned to school. We were tired but happy.

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9. NARRATIVE TEXT

Definition
Narrative text is a text to entertain, to gain and hold a reader’s interest. It’s usually like a fable, myth, legend, folklore, etc. However narrative can be also written to teach or inform, to change attitudes/social opinion.

The Generic Structure :

a. Orientation : Sets the scene and introduces the participants.

b. Complication : A crisis arises.

c. Resolution : The crisis is resolved, for better or for worse.

d. Re-orientation : (optional)

The Typical Elements :

a. Setting : When and where the story occurs.

b. Characters : The most important people or characters in the story.

c. Initiating Event : An action or occurrence that establishes a problem and/or goal.

d. Conflict : The focal point around which the whole story is organized.

e. Events : One or more attempts by the main character(s) to achieve the goal or solve the problem.

f. Resolution : The outcome of the attempts to achieve the goal or solve the problem.

g. Theme : The main idea or moral of the story.

The Characteristics of Narrative Text :

a. Using the Simple Past Tense.

b. It’s started with adverb, such as long time ago, once upon a time, in a faraway land, etc.

c. Using the conjunctions, such as then, after, that, before, etc.

The example of narrative text

Putri Kemuning

Putri Kemuning and her mother lived in a jungle. They were poor. Putri Kemuning helped her mother collect woods in the jungle and sell them to the market.

In the jungle, Putri Kemuning had animal friends. One day, Putri Kemuning's mother was very ill. Putri Kemuning was very sad because she did not have enough money to buy medicine. She then collected many woods and plans to sell them. She wanted to spend the money to buy medicine.

While She was collecting the woods, Putri Kemuning met her animal friend, the rabbit. He was worried because Putri Kemuning looked very sad. Putri Kemuning told the problem to the rabbit. "I can help you. Take this ring and then sell it," says the rabbit. "Is this your ring?" asked Putri Kemuning. "No. This is the King Ngarancang Kencono's ring. It fell when he was hunting here." Putri Kemuning hesitated. She really needed the money but it was not her ring. Finally she said, "No, I have to return this ring to the king."

Putri Kemuning then went to see the king at his palace. "What is your name and what is your purpose here?" said the king. "My name is Putri Kemuning. I want to return your ring," said Putri Kemuning. "Thank you very much. Now, I want to give you something. What do you want?" "I don't anything. I just want to go home. My mother is very ill," replied Putri Kemuning. "You are a very kind girl. Now, take this gift," said the king.

Putri Kemuning went home. When she arrived, Putri Kemuning told her mother about the king's ring. Her mother was very proud of her. When they opened the gift, they saw a bag full of gold coins. They were very happy because they can buy medicine.

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10. PROCEDURE TEXT

Definition
Procedure text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. I t explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

- The generic structure of procedure text are :

• Goal/aim (or title)
• Materials (not required for all procedure text)
• Steps (the action that must be taken)

- Linguistic Features

• Focus on generalized human agents (often implict)
• Use of simple present
• Use of mainly temporal conjunction
• Use of mainly action verbs (often imperratives)

Example of procedure text
Goal : How to make friedrice

Ingredients :
- a plate of rice
- 2 tablespoon oil
- 1 tablespoon soybean sauce
- 1 egg
- 5 shallots
- 2 cloves of garlic
- some salt and pepper

Equipments :
- a knife
- a frying pan
- a spatula
- a plate

Steps
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate.

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11. PAST TENSE

Simple past tense is used to indicate the activity in the past. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. So, it is commonly used in a story telling.

The formula of Simple Past Tense :

a. Without Verb :

(+) S + to be (was/were) + Obj. / Compliment

(-) S + to be (was/were) + not + Obj. / Compliment

(?) To be (was/were) + S + Obj. / Compliment + ?

Example : (+) I was at home last night

(-) I was not at home last night

(?) Was I at home last night?

b. With Verb :

(+) S + V₂ + Compliment

(-) S + did + not + V₁ + Compliment

(?) Did + S + V₁ + Compliment + ?

Example : (+) I called him last night.

(-) I did not call him last night.

(?) Did I call him last night?

Time Signal of Simple Past Tense :

¯ Yesterday

¯ Yesterday afternoon

¯ Last night

¯ Last month

¯ Last week

¯ Last year

¯ An hour ago

¯ In 1994

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12. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Definition : The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.

Notes !

• The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
• It is used for general statement of fact.
• The simple present tense is used for habitual or everyday activity.

Pattern
*Nominal
( + ) S + tobe + complement
( - ) S + tobe + not + complement
( ? ) Tobe + S + complement ?

*When using word question (W/H question such as what, who, why, when, where, which, how)
We simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentences and followed by the form of
question pattern above.
Example
Why is she angry ?
w/h + tobe + S + complement ?

*Verbal
( + ) S + V1 + s/es + O/C / adv
( - ) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C / adv
( ? ) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C / adv ?

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13. GREETING

Definition : Greetings is a very common expression s to say that we meet people or we want to be nice with them.

Formal Greetings
- Good morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
- Good afternoon (12-6 p.m)
- Good evening (until about 9 p.m)
- Good morning Sir, Ma'am,

Notes : Do not use "Good Bye" except in Australia.

Informal Greetings
- Hi, Shanty !
- Morning, Tom !
- Hello..

Initial Greetings
- How are you ? I'm fine thank you.
- How's it doing ?
- How are you doing ?
- How's life ?

Responding to initial greetings
- Very well, thank you. And you ?
- I'm good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thanks
- Fine, thanks
- Excellent

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14. WRITING : How To Make Autobiography

When writing autobiography, you focus on three majot things:
1. Who you are in life
2. What life means to you
3. What your outlook on the future is

" Autobiographies have been written since A.D 400 when an early christian leader, Saint Augustine, wrote his ".
An autobigraphy is information about one's own life written by that one person. In it, it tells what that person's life is all about. When writing your own autobiography, use interesting facts to explain as as much about yourself as you can.

Conclusion
The conclusion is in the last paragraph of your autobiography and an important one, too. In the conclusion you usually try to re-word the introduction and add some type of closure to bring the whole autobiography together.

Steps
1. Understand your reasons for writing an autobiography.
2. Read some autobiographies.
3. Think about your audience.
4. Develop your autobiographies.
5. Organize your autobiography.
6. Jog your memory.
7. Start writing.
8. Edit your completed work.
9. Preserve your work.
10. Build a relationship using your autobiograhy.

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15. READING : Analyze characters, setting, etc..

1. Plot

Story has a certain arrangement of events which are taken to have a relation to one another. This arrangement of events to some end – for instance to create significance, raise the level of generality, extend or complicate the meaning – is known as plot.

2. Character

Characters in a work of story are generally designed to open up or explore certain aspects of human experience. Characters often depict particular traits of human nature; they may represent only one or two traits – a greedy old man who has forgotten how to care about others, for instance, or they may represent very complex conflicts, values and emotions.

3. Setting

Stories requires a setting; this as in poetry may vary from the concrete to the general. Often setting will have particular culturally coded significance – a sea shore has a significance for us different from that of a dirty street corner, for instance, and different situations and significances can be constructed through its use.

4. Theme

Theme is also important too. Theme is especial idea which is used as base in writing down story mostly letter than implicit.

5. Point of View

Point of view interpreted as a position of author to events in story. There is point of view of first person singular and there is third person singular point of view.

6. Language Style

Language style is the way to typically in laying open feeling or mind through language in the form of oral or article.

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16. VOCABS : Shapes, Parts and Body

1. Shapes
Shapes is all the geometrical information that remains when location, scale and rotational effects are filtered out from an object.
This is example of shapes

2. Parts of body
This is example of parts of body

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17. PERFECT TENSE

• Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action's effect an the present.

- Pattern I : S + have/has + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + have/has + V3 + O/Adv

• Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense is used to describe an action or an event that start in a certain time in the post and completed or finished fill certain time in tehe past too, or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

- Pattern : S + had + V3 + Complement

• Present Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened or will finished at the definite time in the future.

- Pattern I : S (except I) + will/shall + have + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + will/shall + have + V3 + O/Adv

• Past Future Perfect Tense is used to assert an action or an event that will happened before or at the other event happened at the past future.

- Pattern I : S + would/should + have + been + Complement
- Pattern II : S + would/should + have +V3 + Complement

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18. LISTENING : Make me a copy, please.

Description
Often times students are not able to communicate clearly what they would like to say. It is the purpose of this lesson to help student understand the need to be articulate and precise when explain steps to another student. In addition the student listening will learn to be a more effective listener.

Example :

• Make me a copy, please.
• Open the door, please.
• Open your book, please.
  

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19. SPEAKING : Speech

• Speech is the vocalization form of human communication
• Direct Speech : is a sentences type form the speaker or someone ideas don't experience change.

Example :
- Lisa said, "I'm happy"
- "We will help yo", Andre and Donny said.

• Indirect Speech : is a sentences someone to do try in other type form the speaker with used different type (the exact word of the speaker), but some mind the original sentences.

Example :
- Lina says, "The concert will begin soon" (Direct speech)
- Lina says that the concert will begin soon ( Indirect speech)

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20. ADVERTISEMENT

*Definition
Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.

*Function of advertisement
- promotion
- communication
- information

*In making advertisement, keep the following points:
- Using the correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expressions
- Text of advertisement should be directed to the goals

*Content of advertisement
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not allude group or other producer

*Kinds of advertisement
- Family advertisement
- Invitation advertisement
- Sponsored advertisement
- Request advertisement
- News advertisement

*Media of advertisement
- By television
- By radio
- Billboard
- Leaflet
- Pamflet

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